A system refers to a set of things interconnected in a way that bring about the generation of identifiable behavioral patterns over time. Systems in science with an interdisciplinary perspective are concerned with understanding diverse systems, from life at its simplest level to other reciprocal complex interactions across incredible spectra with a profound view of a system-of-systems interdisciplinary theory, applications, techniques, means and tools directed towards the distinctive solutions, mathematical and / or diverse systems and modern intelligent methods to highly complex problems. This sort of diverse spectrum ranges from mathematics to medicine, engineering, technology and science, spanning across formal, natural, social, mathematical, applied and computational sciences with the aim of developing transformative interdisciplinary foundations and merging thereof at times. It also has related applications in a variety of areas including biological systems, complex systems, systems science, computational systems, chaotic systems, systems design, dynamic systems, neural networks, social systems theory, social systems (education, healthcare, military systems, and so on), system dynamics, human factors, psychosocial systems (social behaviors’ patterns, mind and creativity), physical laws, system dynamics, intelligence systems, control systems, robotic systems, service systems, interlocutory networked systems, systems ecology, computer science, soft computing, data science, computer mathematics, systems engineering and systems psychology, biological systems (brain, cellular systems, physiology, genetic networks, and so forth) medical systems, complexity systems, fractals systems, dynamical systems, fractional systems, nonlinear systems, stochastic processes, cybernetics, systems security, crypto-systems, engineering information theory, linguistics or systems theory, geochemistry, physical systems (i.e. meteorology, geographical formations, climatology), microbiology, information theory, network theory and real-world related systems, among many others. Furthermore, rigorous mathematical procedures and applications, as the impetus behind discovery and innovation, involve an extensive array of disciplines to highlight the multidisciplinary applications and universal character of mathematical science and modeling. The key aspects commonly foregrounded in systems in science need to encompass a holistic view, considering the importance of interaction between a system and its embedded environment as well as complex or subtle trajectories of dynamic behavior.
The complexity of systems in nature, social or other scientific fields are examined through systems science some of whose methodologies include the modeling of systems dynamics, agent-based modeling, microsimulation as well as techniques related to big data, and so forth. Systems science thinking can provide facilitation in research for the understanding of the factors that influence distribution and determinants of critical factors in populations owing to its detailed provision of information concerning the broad scale of the way individuals and other components of populations are interconnected in various scenarios where researchers may not be able to control the environment. From this view, system science thinking can be resorted to for finding solutions to the way interventions may yield changes in outcomes provided the system with multilevel factors on multiple scales present in relevant samples of the universe (-or population).
System dynamics modeling may be employed when stocks and flows are able to be identified and measured with feedback loops being both known and operative. Such modeling is predominantly adaptive with the tackling of public health issues where inputs are obtained from numerous disciplines like health care capacity, health policy, chronic disease management and syndemics (referring to the existence of overlapping syndromes or epidemics within populations). Considering systems in science, an extensive array of disciplines is to be addressed to highlight the trans-, inter-, multidisciplinary applications and universal character of science, design and modeling.
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