Consisting of different theories and notions, systems sciences address pure mathematical systems theory which signifies a high level generalization of systems in abstract. They also encompass the applied mathematical systems theory-being the specific theory for special fields besides the empirical systems science that are composed of the conscious application of systems thinking and methodologies to problems in a particular field. Systems technology is the application of systems concepts to the realization of effective man-made systems such as the cases in operational research and systems engineering. Correspondingly, systems philosophy is defined by Laszlo as a perspective philosophy that seeks the connections between different theories, probing the ultimate implications of the systems paradigm [M'Pherson, P. K. (1974)].
To elaborate further, systems philosophy refers to the philosophical explication and generalization of the concepts and principles pertaining to contemporary systems sciences as well as general systems theory. The name is derived in the 1970s but its roots date back to the beginnings of systematic thinking about the nature of reality [Laszlo, E. (1978)]. The beholding of reality as a process and attributing meaning to the whole instead of the isolated discrete parts make up some tenets of philosophy regarding systems sciences, as being described in terms of drawing on evidence provided by the empirical sciences for all its principal generalizations. A philosophical survey of systems science and systems philosophy aim at providing an integrated view of the ideas within the contemporary systems movement [M'Pherson, P. K. (1974)].
In virtue of the discovery of progressively more detailed isomorphism in the structure and function of systems on diverse levels including physical, biological, social ones, the distinctly gathered outputs of compartmentalized research can be incorporated into a system of knowledge which finds unity across diversity, accounting for it as locally diversified transformations of invariant general (or systems) principles [Laszlo, E. (1978)].
While reductionism exists in different forms such as methodological, ontological, epistemological, radical and softer, holism, likewise, exists in such many forms. In systems philosophy a 'soft' variety of holism is usually advocated, which is compatible with the openness of its scientific base as well as its non-dogmatic spirit. Hence, we assume that many phenomena can be understood merely by considering the full set of relations that constitute them. This does not entail their reduction to casual interactions between analytically isolated parts. It is furthermore assumed that it may often be counterproductive to reduce concepts and principles applicable to complex systems to the concepts and principles applicable to their parts [Laszlo, E. (1978)]. Yet, these assumptions do not imply a belief in the radical emergence of unprecedented novelty at particular levels of organization even though this sort of emergence cannot be eliminated as a possibility. Required, however, which is the only proposition that, as a consequence of limitations in some knowledge concerning least components in any area of complex phenomena, it is not adequate to examine the parts in an isolated, for from such inquiries it would not be possible to attain satisfactory knowledge for deducing the nature of the complexes formed thereby. These indicate that the holistic thinking of the systems sciences must complement the reductionist way of thinking through joint endeavors entailed to be conveyed in a research-guiding view of reality that may be referred to as 'softly' holistic. You may resort to...
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